Question 4.11

Does C even have ``pass by reference''?

Not really. Strictly speaking, C always uses pass by value. You can simulate pass by reference yourself, by defining functions which accept pointers and then using the & operator when calling, and the compiler will essentially simulate it for you when you pass an array to a function (by passing a pointer instead, see question 6.4 et al.), but C has nothing truly equivalent to formal pass by reference or C++ reference parameters. (However, function-like preprocessor macros do provide a form of ``call by name''.)